Hypercard was released 25 damn years ago. Has it been that long?
Back in college, I spent a lot of time screwing around on the Mac, and there were certain programs that welded that old-school 68K Classic Mac experience in my mind. One of them was Aldus PageMaker, which was the desktop publishing program of the day. This was in the very early 90s, in the days of DOS and WordPerfect 5.1, when the most advanced publishing work you could do on the WinTel side of things was using italics. But the Mac had this funky and advanced program that enabled you to create page layouts and cool newsletters and even newspapers. I saw many a journalism student slaving away on those old black-and-white Apples with the tiny grey screens, tweaking layouts and dumping fantastic publications to postscript printers. I later learned PageMaker by doing the last issue of my old zine Xenocide in it, spending months tweaking page borders and reflowing columns.
The other program I messed with endlessly was HyperCard. This was something included on all of the old Macs, and it was incredibly interesting to me. Basically, you created a stack of cards, and each card could have a mix of text and clip art graphics on it. But you could also plop controls on the cards, like links or text boxes. You could then hook up those controls to link cards to each other, or do other freaky stuff like run scripts.
This sounds pretty pedestrian compared to what we do daily on the web. And it sounds disturbingly like PowerPoint, which is probably one of the most evil things created in the business world. But back then, in the late 80s and early 90s, these concepts were absolutely revolutionary. And even better, the interface to HyperCard was not that intimidating. If you could make basic art in MacPaint or write a paper in WordPerfect, you could easily create a HyperCard stack.
I remember spending a lot of time at work creating a choose-your-own-adventure game using HyperCard. I forget exactly what it was – I think it was a game about trying to score drugs on a college campus, and you could click on various pictures to move around. It wasn’t exactly as sophisticated as the Zork series, but it was something I could do at work, under the guise of “learning more about HyperCard.” I never learned much about the scripting language, but I did work with some people who did pretty sophisticated stacks. The system was widely used by education majors, I guess to develop learning tools for kids. I guess the original Myst on the Mac was written in Hypercard, each of the worlds a Hypercard stack, interlaced with heavy-duty graphics and audio, presented with custom plug-ins.
Like I said, the web came along, and HyperCard more or less vanished. It was one of the products developed by Claris, which was spun off from Apple and then later re-merged. The last version of HyperCard came out in 1996, but it was one of the projects killed by Steve Jobs after his return. You could run old versions for a while, but it did not survive the jump from OS9 to OSX. You could get it to work in Classic emulation on newer systems, but it only worked on PPC Macs. On today’s Intel-based machines running later versions of OSX, it doesn’t work at all.
Its one big legacy on the Mac is that the HyperTalk scripting language was adapted and added to System 7, and called AppleScript. It’s still around in modern versions of OS X, and is even more interesting, now that you can run unix commands from within AppleScript. It influenced the development of HTTP, JavaScript, and Ward Cunningham said the whole idea of wikis goes back to using HyperText.
To me, HyperCard was always a bit of a missed opportunity. I think it would be very easy for casual users to create HyperCard stacks and then use some kind of tool to push them to a web site; it would potentially be easier to create high-quality interactive web sites with something like that. There are probably many programs that you could buy to do that, but none that come with your operating system and follow its UI paradigm. It would also be great to develop mobile apps. I could see creating a stack, testing it out on your computer, then pushing it through a compiler and shooting out a binary that could be run on a phone or tablet. You couldn’t write the next Skyrim that way, but for simple stuff, like interactive kid’s books or multimedia guides, it would be great. Same thing for interactive books on the Kindle or iPad.
I know you can do all of these things with XCode or by hand or whatever, but there’s something about the ease of use by a non-programmer, and the availability on every Mac, that make this a different paradigm. There are some conspiracy theories that Jobs killed Hypercard in order to solidify the division between creator and consumer. I don’t know if that’s true; I think he killed it because Apple had eleventy billion disparate things going on when he returned, and none of them were getting the company closer to profitable hardware sales or a decent operating system. It’s too bad we don’t have something like this anymore.